Besides gap analysis, the predicted terrestrial vertebrate species distributions may be used to answer a wide variety of management, planning, and research questions relating to individual species or groups of species.
TIGER SALAMANDER: AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM, NORTHERN SHRIKE: LANIUS EXCUBITOR BOREAL WESTERN TOAD: BUFO BOREAS BOREAS, LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE: LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS GREAT PLAINS TOAD: BUFO COGNATUS, SOLITARY VIREO: VIREO SOLITARIUS WYOMING TOAD: BUFO HEMIOPHRYS BAXTERI, WARBLING VIREO: VIREO GILVUS WOODHOUSE'S TOAD: BUFO WOODHOUSII, RED-EYED VIREO: VIREO OLIVACEUS BOREAL CHORUS FROG: PSEUDACRIS TRISERIATA, TENNESSEE WARBLER: VERMIVORA PEREGRINA PLAINS SPADEFOOT TOAD: SCAPHIOPUS BOMBIFRONS, ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER: VERMIVORA CELATA GREAT BASIN SPADEFOOT: SCAPHIOPUS INTERMONTANUS, NASHVILLE WARBLER: VERMIVORA RUFICAPILLA BULLFROG: RANA CATESBEIANA, VIRGINIA'S WARBLER: VERMIVORA VIRGINIAE NORTHERN LEOPARD FROG: RANA PIPIENS, NORTHERN PARULA: PARULA AMERICANA SPOTTED FROG: RANA PRETIOSA, YELLOW WARBLER: DENDROICA PETECHIA WOOD FROG: RANA SYLVATICA, CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER: DENDROICA PENSYLVANICA COMMON LOON: GAVIA IMMER, MAGNOLIA WARBLER: DENDROICA MAGNOLIA PIED-BILLED GREBE: PODILYMBUS PODICEPS, BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER: DENDROICA CAERULESCENS HORNED GREBE: PODICEPS AURITUS, YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER: DENDROICA CORONATA RED-NECKED GREBE: PODICEPS GRISEGENA, BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER: DENDROICA NIGRESCENS EARED GREBE: PODICEPS NIGRICOLLIS, TOWNSEND'S WARBLER: DENDROICA TOWNSENDI WESTERN GREBE: AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS, BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER: DENDROICA FUSCA CLARK'S GREBE: AECHMOPHORUS CLARKII, BLACKPOLL WARBLER: DENDROICA STRIATA AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN: PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHOS, BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER: MNIOTILTA VARIA DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT: PHALACROCORAX AURITUS, AMERICAN REDSTART: SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA AMERICAN BITTERN: BOTAURUS LENTIGINOSUS, OVENBIRD: SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS GREAT BLUE HERON: ARDEA HERODIAS, NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH: SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS GREAT EGRET: CASMERODIUS ALBUS, MACGILLIVRAY`S WARBLER: OPORORNIS TOLMIEI SNOWY EGRET: EGRETTA THULA, COMMON YELLOWTHROAT: GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS CATTLE EGRET: BUBULCUS IBIS, WILSON'S WARBLER: WILSONIA PUSILLA BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON: NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX, YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT: ICTERIA VIRENS WHITE-FACED IBIS: PLEGADIS CHIHI, SUMMER TANAGER: PIRANGA RUBRA TUNDRA SWAN: CYGNUS COLUMBIANUS, WESTERN TANAGER: PIRANGA LUDOVICIANA TRUMPETER SWAN: CYGNUS BUCCINATOR, ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK: PHEUCTICUS LUDOVICIANUS GREATER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE: ANSER ALBIFRONS, BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK: PHEUCTICUS MELANOCEPHALUS SNOW GOOSE: CHEN CAERULESCENS, BLUE GROSBEAK: GUIRACA CAERULEA CANADA GOOSE: BRANTA CANADENSIS, LAZULI BUNTING: PASSERINA AMOENA WOOD DUCK: AIX SPONSA, INDIGO BUNTING: PASSERINA CYANEA GREEN-WINGED TEAL: ANAS CRECCA, DICKCISSEL: SPIZA AMERICANA MALLARD: ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS, GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE: PIPILO CHLORURUS NORTHERN PINTAIL: ANAS ACUTA, RUFOUS-SIDED TOWHEE: PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS BLUE-WINGED TEAL: ANAS DISCORS, AMERICAN TREE SPARROW: SPIZELLA ARBOREA CINNAMON TEAL: ANAS CYANOPTERA, CHIPPING SPARROW: SPIZELLA PASSERINA NORTHERN SHOVELER: ANAS CLYPEATA, CLAY-COLORED SPARROW: SPIZELLA PALLIDA GADWALL: ANAS STREPERA, BREWER'S SPARROW: SPIZELLA BREWERI AMERICAN WIGEON: ANAS AMERICANA, FIELD SPARROW: SPIZELLA PUSILLA CANVASBACK: AYTHYA VALISINERIA, VESPER SPARROW: POOECETES GRAMINEUS REDHEAD: AYTHYA AMERICANA, LARK SPARROW: CHONDESTES GRAMMACUS RING-NECKED DUCK: AYTHYA COLLARIS, SAGE SPARROW: AMPHISPIZA BELLI LESSER SCAUP: AYTHYA AFFINIS, LARK BUNTING: CALAMOSPIZA MELANOCORYS HARLEQUIN DUCK: HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS, SAVANNAH SPARROW: PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS SURF SCOTER: MELANITTA PERSPICILLATA, BAIRD'S SPARROW: AMMODRAMUS BAIRDII WHITE-WINGED SCOTER: MELANITTA FUSCA, GRASSHOPPER SPARROW: AMMODRAMUS SAVANNARUM COMMON GOLDENEYE: BUCEPHALA CLANGULA, FOX SPARROW: PASSERELLA ILIACA BARROW'S GOLDENEYE: BUCEPHALA ISLANDICA, SONG SPARROW: MELOSPIZA MELODIA BUFFLEHEAD: BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA, LINCOLN'S SPARROW: MELOSPIZA LINCOLNII HOODED MERGANSER: LOPHODYTES CUCULLATUS, WHITE CROWNED SPARROW: ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS COMMON MERGANSER: MERGUS MERGANSER, HARRIS' SPARROW: ZONOTRICHIA QUERULA RED-BREASTED MERGANSER: MERGUS SERRATOR, DARK-EYED JUNCO: JUNCO HYEMALIS RUDDY DUCK: OXYURA JAMAICENSIS, MCCOWN'S LONGSPUR: CALCARIUS MCCOWNII TURKEY VULTURE: CATHARTES AURA, LAPLAND LONGSPUR: CALCARIUS LAPPONICUS OSPREY: PANDION HALIAETUS, CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR: CALCARIUS ORNATUS BALD EAGLE: HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS, SNOW BUNTING: PLECTROPHENAX NIVALIS NORTHERN HARRIER: CIRCUS CYANEUS, BOBOLINK: DOLICHONYX ORYZIVORUS SHARP-SHINNED HAWK: ACCIPITER STRIATUS, RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD: AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS COOPER'S HAWK: ACCIPITER COOPERII, WESTERN MEADOWLARK: STURNELLA NEGLECTA NORTHERN GOSHAWK: ACCIPITER GENTILIS, YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD: XANTHOCEPHALUS XANTHOCEPHALUS BROAD-WINGED HAWK: BUTEO PLATYPTERUS, BREWER'S BLACKBIRD: EUPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS SWAINSON'S HAWK: BUTEO SWAINSONI, COMMON GRACKLE: QUISCALUS QUISCULA RED-TAILED HAWK: BUTEO JAMAICENSIS, BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD: MOLOTHRUS ATER FERRUGINOUS HAWK: BUTEO REGALIS, ORCHARD ORIOLE: ICTERUS SPURIUS ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK: BUTEO LAGOPUS, NORTHERN ORIOLE: ICTERUS GALBULA GOLDEN EAGLE: AQUILA CHRYSAETOS, SCOTT'S ORIOLE: ICTERUS PARISORUM AMERICAN KESTREL: FALCO SPARVERIUS, ROSY FINCH: LEUCOSTICTE ATRATA MERLIN: FALCO COLUMBARIUS, PINE GROSBEAK: PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR PEREGRINE FALCON: FALCO PEREGRINUS, PURPLE FINCH: CARPODACUS PURPUREUS PRAIRIE FALCON: FALCO MEXICANUS, CASSIN'S FINCH: CARPODACUS CASSINII GRAY PARTRIDGE: PERDIX PERDIX, HOUSE FINCH: CARPODACUS MEXICANUS CHUKAR: ALECTORIS CHUKAR, RED CROSSBILL: LOXIA CURVIROSTRA RING-NECKED PHEASANT: PHASIANUS COLCHICUS, WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL: LOXIA LEUCOPTERA BLUE GROUSE: DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS, COMMON REDPOLL: CARDUELIS FLAMMEA WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN: LAGOPUS LEUCURUS, PINE SISKIN: CARDUELIS PINUS RUFFED GROUSE: BONASA UMBELLUS, LESSER GOLDFINCH: CARDUELIS PSALTRIA SAGE GROUSE: CENTROCERCUS UROPHASIANUS, AMERICAN GOLDFINCH: CARDUELIS TRISTIS SHARP-TAILED GROUSE: TYMPANUCHUS PHASIANELLUS, EVENING GROSBEAK: COCCOTHRAUSTES VESPERTINUS COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE: TYMPANUCHUS PHASIANELLUS COLUMBIANUS, CINERUS OR MASKED SHREW: SOREX CINEREUS WILD TURKEY: MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO, PREBLE'S SHREW: SOREX PREBLEI NORTHERN BOBWHITE: COLINUS VIRGINIANUS, VAGRANT SHREW: SOREX VAGRANS VIRGINIA RAIL: RALLUS LIMICOLA, DUSKY OR MONTANE SHREW: SOREX MONTICOLUS SORA: PORZANA CAROLINA, DWARF SHREW: SOREX NANUS AMERICAN COOT: FULICA AMERICANA, WATER SHREW: SOREX PALUSTRIS SANDHILL CRANE: GRUS CANADENSIS, MERRIAM'S SHREW: SOREX MERRIAMI WHOOPING CRANE: GRUS AMERICANA, PYGMY SHREW: SOREX HOYI BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER: PLUVIALIS SQUATAROLA, HAYDEN'S SHREW: SOREX HAYDENI LESSER GOLDEN PLOVER: PLUVIALIS DOMINICUS, EASTERN MOLE: SCALOPUS AQUATICUS SNOWY PLOVER: CHARADRIUS ALEXANDRINUS, LITTLE BROWN MYOTIS: MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS SEMIPALMATED PLOVER: CHARADRIUS SEMIPALMATUS, YUMA MYOTIS: MYOTIS YUMANENSIS PIPING PLOVER: CHARADRIUS MELODUS, KEEN'S MYOTIS: MYOTIS KEENII KILLDEER: CHARADRIUS VOCIFERUS, LONG-EARED MYOTIS: MYOTIS EVOTIS MOUNTAIN PLOVER: CHARADRIUS MONTANUS, FRINGED MYOTIS: MYOTIS THYSANODES BLACK NECKED STILT: HIMANTOPUS MEXICANUS, LONG-LEGGED MYOTIS: MYOTIS VOLANS AMERICAN AVOCET: RECURVIROSTRA AMERICANA, CALIFORNIA MYOTIS: MYOTIS CALIFORNICUS GREATER YELLOWLEGS: TRINGA MELANOLEUCA, WESTERN SMALL-FOOTED MYOTIS: MYOTIS CILIOLABRUM LESSER YELLOWLEGS: TRINGA FLAVIPES, SILVER-HAIRED BAT: LASIONYCTERIS NOCTIVAGANS SOLITARY SANDPIPER: TRINGA SOLITARIA, BIG BROWN BAT: EPTESICUS FUSCUS WILLET: CATOPTROPHORUS SEMIPALMATUS, RED BAT: LASIURUS BOREALIS SPOTTED SANDPIPER: ACTITIS MACULARIA, HOARY BAT: LASIURUS CINEREUS UPLAND SANDPIPER: BARTRAMIA LONGICAUDA, SPOTTED BAT: EUDERMA MACULATUM WHIMBREL: NUMENIUS PHAEOPUS, TOWNSEND'S BIG-EARED BAT: PLECOTUS TOWNSENDII LONG-BILLED CURLEW: NUMENIUS AMERICANUS, PALLID BAT: ANTROZOUS PALLIDUS MARBLED GODWIT: LIMOSA FEDOA, BRAZILIAN FREE-TAILED BAT: TADARIDA BRASILIENSIS SANDERLING: CALIDRIS ALBA, AMERICAN PIKA: OCHOTONA PRINCEPS SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER: CALIDRIS PUSILLA, EASTERN COTTONTAIL: SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS WESTERN SANDPIPER: CALIDRIS MAURI, MOUNTAIN (NUTTALL'S) COTTONTAIL: SYLVILAGUS NUTTALLII LEAST SANDPIPER: CALIDRIS MINUTILLA, DESERT COTTONTAIL: SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII BAIRD'S SANDPIPER: CALIDRIS BAIRDII, SNOWSHOE HARE: LEPUS AMERICANUS PECTORAL SANDPIPER: CALIDRIS MELANOTOS, WHITE-TAILED JACK RABBIT: LEPUS TOWNSENDII STILT SANDPIPER: CALIDRIS HIMANTOPUS, BLACK-TAILED JACK RABBIT: LEPUS CALIFORNICUS LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER: LIMNODROMUS SCOLOPACEUS, PYGMY RABBIT: BRACHYLAGUS IDAHOENSIS COMMON SNIPE: GALLINAGO GALLINAGO, LEAST CHIPMUNK: TAMIAS MINIMUS WILSON'S PHALAROPE: PHALAROPUS TRICOLOR, YELLOW-PINE CHIPMUNK: TAMIAS AMOENUS RED-NECKED PHALAROPE: PHALAROPUS LOBATUS, CLIFF CHIPMUNK: TAMIAS DORSALIS UTAHENSIS FRANKLIN'S GULL: LARUS PIPIXCAN, UINTA CHIPMUNK: TAMIAS UMBRINUS BONAPARTE'S GULL: LARUS PHILADELPHIA, YELLOW-BELLIED MARMOT: MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS RING-BILLED GULL: LARUS DELAWARENSIS, UINTA GROUND SQUIRREL: SPERMOPHILUS ARMATUS CALIFORNIA GULL: LARUS CALIFORNICUS, THIRTEEN-LINED GROUND SQUIRREL: SPERMOPHILUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS HERRING GULL: LARUS ARGENTATUS, ALLEN'S THIRTEEN-LINED GROUND SQUIRREL: SPERMOPHILUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS ALLENI CASPIAN TERN: STERNA CASPIA, SPOTTED GROUND SQUIRREL: SPERMOPHILUS SPILOSOMA COMMON TERN: STERNA HIRUNDO, GOLDEN-MANTLED GROUND SQUIRREL: SPERMOPHILUS LATERALIS FORSTER'S TERN: STERNA FORSTERI, WYOMING GROUND SQUIRREL: SPERMOPHILUS ELEGANS BLACK TERN: CHLIDONIAS NIGER, BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG: CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS MOURNING DOVE: ZENAIDA MACROURA, WHITE-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG: CYNOMYS LEUCURUS BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO: COCCYZUS ERYTHROPTHALMUS, ABERT'S SQUIRREL: SCIURUS ABERTI YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO: COCCYZUS AMERICANUS, EASTERN FOX SQUIRREL: SCIURUS NIGER COMMON BARN OWL: TYTO ALBA, RED SQUIRREL: TAMIASCIURUS HUDSONICUS FLAMMULATED OWL: OTUS FLAMMEOLUS, NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL: GLAUCOMYS SABRINUS EASTERN SCREECH OWL: OTUS ASIO, NORTHERN POCKET GOPHER: THOMOMYS TALPOIDES WESTERN SCREECH OWL: OTUS KENNICOTTII, WYOMING POCKET GOPHER: THOMOMYS CLUSIUS GREAT-HORNED OWL: BUBO VIRGINIANUS, IDAHO POCKET GOPHER: THOMOMYS IDAHOENSIS NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL: GLAUCIDIUM GNOMA, PLAINS POCKET GOPHER: GEOMYS BURSARIUS BURROWING OWL: ATHENE CUNICULARIA, OLIVE-BACKED POCKET MOUSE: PEROGNATHUS FASCIATUS GREAT GRAY OWL: STRIX NEBULOSA, PLAINS POCKET MOUSE: PEROGNATHUS FLAVESCENS LONG-EARED OWL: ASIO OTUS, SILKY POCKET MOUSE: PEROGNATHUS FLAVUS SHORT-EARED OWL: ASIO FLAMMEUS, GREAT BASIN POCKET MOUSE: PEROGNATHUS PARVUS BOREAL OWL: AEGOLIUS FUNEREUS, HISPID POCKET MOUSE: PEROGNATHUS HISPIDUS NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL: AEGOLIUS ACADICUS, ORD'S KANGAROO RAT: DIPODOMYS ORDII COMMON NIGHTHAWK: CHORDEILES MINOR, AMERICAN BEAVER: CASTOR CANADENSIS COMMON POORWILL: PHALAENOPTILUS NUTTALLII, PLAINS HARVEST MOUSE: REITHRODONTOMYS MONTANUS CHIMNEY SWIFT: CHAETURA PELAGICA, WESTERN HARVEST MOUSE: REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS WHITE-THROATED SWIFT: AERONAUTES SAXATALIS, DEER MOUSE: PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD: ARCHILOCHUS ALEXANDRI, WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE: PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD: STELLULA CALLIOPE, CANYON MOUSE: PEROMYSCUS CRINITUS BROAD-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD: SELASPHORUS PLATYCERCUS, PINON MOUSE: PEROMYSCUS TRUEI RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD: SELASPHORUS RUFUS, NORTHERN GRASSHOPPER MOUSE: ONYCHOMYS LEUCOGASTER BELTED KINGFISHER: CERYLE ALCYON, BUSHY-TAILED WOOD RAT: NEOTOMA CINEREA LEWIS' WOODPECKER: MELANERPES LEWIS, SOUTHERN RED-BACKED VOLE: CLETHRIONOMYS GAPPERI RED-HEADED WOODPECKER: MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS, HEATHER VOLE: PHENACOMYS INTERMEDIUS WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER: SPHYRAPICUS THYROIDEUS, MEADOW VOLE: MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER: SPHYRAPICUS NUCHALIS, MONTANE VOLE: MICROTUS MONTANUS DOWNY WOODPECKER: PICOIDES PUBESCENS, LONG-TAILED VOLE: MICROTUS LONGICAUDUS HAIRY WOODPECKER: PICOIDES VILLOSUS, PRAIRIE VOLE: MICROTUS OCHROGASTER THREE-TOED WOODPECKER: PICOIDES TRIDACTYLUS, WATER VOLE: MICROTUS RICHARDSONI BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKER: PICOIDES ARCTICUS, SAGEBRUSH VOLE: LEMMISCUS CURTATUS NORTHERN FLICKER: COLAPTES AURATUS, MUSKRAT: ONDATRA ZIBETHICUS OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER: CONTOPUS BOREALIS, PREBLE'S MEADOW JUMPING MOUSE: ZAPUS HUDSONIUS PREBLEI WESTERN WOOD PEWEE: CONTOPUS SORDIDULUS, BEAR LODGE MEADOW JUMPING MOUSE: ZAPUS HUDSONIUS CAMPESTRIS WILLOW FLYCATCHER: EMPIDONAX TRAILLII, WESTERN JUMPING MOUSE: ZAPUS PRINCEPS LEAST FLYCATCHER: EMPIDONAX MINIMUS, COMMON PORCUPINE: ERETHIZON DORSATUM HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER: EMPIDONAX HAMMONDII, COYOTE: CANIS LATRANS DUSKY FLYCATCHER: EMPIDONAX OBERHOLSERI, GRAY WOLF: CANIS LUPUS GRAY FLYCATCHER: EMPIDONAX WRIGHTII, RED FOX: VULPES VULPES CORDILLERAN FLYCATCHER: EMPIDONAX OCCIDENTALIS, SWIFT FOX: VULPES VELOX EASTERN PHOEBE: SAYORNIS PHOEBE, GRAY FOX: UROCYON CINEREOARGENTEUS SAY'S PHOEBE: SAYORNIS SAYA, BLACK BEAR: URSUS AMERICANUS ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER: MYIARCHUS CINERASCENS, GRIZZLY OR BROWN BEAR: URSUS ARCTOS CASSIN'S KINGBIRD: TYRANNUS VOCIFERANS, RINGTAIL: BASSARISCUS ASTUTUS WESTERN KINGBIRD: TYRANNUS VERTICALIS, COMMON RACCOON: PROCYON LOTOR EASTERN KINGBIRD: TYRANNUS TYRANNUS, AMERICAN MARTEN: MARTES AMERICANA HORNED LARK: EREMOPHILA ALPESTRIS, FISHER: MARTES PENNANTI TREE SWALLOW: TACHYCINETA BICOLOR, ERMINE: MUSTELA ERMINEA VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW: TACHYCINETA THALASSINA, LEAST WEASEL: MUSTELA NIVALIS NORTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW: STELGIDOPTERYX SERRIPENNIS, LONG-TAILED WEASEL: MUSTELA FRENATA BANK SWALLOW: RIPARIA RIPARIA, BLACK-FOOTED FERRET: MUSTELA NIGRIPES CLIFF SWALLOW: HIRUNDO PYRRHONOTA, MINK: MUSTELA VISON BARN SWALLOW: HIRUNDO RUSTICA, NORTH AMERICAN WOLVERINE: GULO GULO LUSCUS GRAY JAY: PERISOREUS CANADENSIS, AMERICAN BADGER: TAXIDEA TAXUS STELLER'S JAY: CYANOCITTA STELLERI, EASTERN SPOTTED SKUNK: SPILOGALE PUTORIUS BLUE JAY: CYANOCITTA CRISTATA, WESTERN SPOTTED SKUNK: SPILOGALE GRACILIS SCRUB JAY: APHELOCOMA COERULESCENS, STRIPED SKUNK: MEPHITIS MEPHITIS PINYON JAY: GYMNORHINUS CYANOCEPHALUS, NORTHERN RIVER OTTER: LUTRA CANADENSIS CLARK'S NUTCRACKER: NUCIFRAGA COLUMBIANA, MOUNTAIN LION: FELIS CONCOLOR BLACK-BILLED MAGPIE: PICA PICA, LYNX: LYNX CANADENSIS AMERICAN CROW: CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS, BOBCAT: LYNX RUFUS COMMON RAVEN: CORVUS CORAX, WAPITI OR ELK: CERVUS ELAPHUS BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE: PARUS ATRICAPILLUS, MULE OR BLACK-TAILED DEER: ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE: PARUS GAMBELI, WHITE-TAILED DEER: ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS PLAIN TITMOUSE: PARUS INORNATUS, MOOSE: ALCES ALCES BUSHTIT: PSALTRIPARUS MINIMUS, PRONGHORN: ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH: SITTA CANADENSIS, AMERICAN BISON: BISON BISON WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH: SITTA CAROLINENSIS, MOUNTAIN GOAT: OREAMNOS AMERICANUS PYGMY NUTHATCH: SITTA PYGMAEA, MOUNTAIN SHEEP: OVIS CANADENSIS BROWN CREEPER: CERTHIA AMERICANA, COMMON SNAPPING TURTLE: CHELYDRA SERPENTINA ROCK WREN: SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS, WESTERN PAINTED TURTLE: CHRYSEMYS PICTA CANYON WREN: CATHERPES MEXICANUS, ORNATE BOX TURTLE: TERRAPENE ORNATA BEWICK'S WREN: THRYOMANES BEWICKII, WESTERN SPINY SOFTSHELL TURTLE: TRIONYX SPINIFERUS HOUSE WREN: TROGLODYTES AEDON, NORTHERN EARLESS LIZARD: HOLBROOKIA MACULATA MARSH WREN: CISTOTHORUS PALUSTRIS, EASTERN SHORT-HORNED LIZARD: PHRYNOSOMA DOUGLASI AMERICAN DIPPER: CINCLUS MEXICANUS, NORTHERN SAGEBRUSH LIZARD: SCELOPORUS GRACIOSUS GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET: REGULUS SATRAPA, NORTHERN PLATEAU LIZARD: SCELOPORUS UNDULATUS ELONGATUS RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET: REGULUS CALENDULA, RED-LIPPED PRAIRIE LIZARD: SCELOPORUS UNDULATUS ERYTHROCHEILUS BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER: POLIOPTILA CAERULEA, NORTHERN PRAIRIE LIZARD: SCELOPORUS UNDULATUS GARMANI EASTERN BLUEBIRD: SIALIA SIALIS, NORTHERN TREE LIZARD: UROSAURUS ORNATUS MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD: SIALIA CURRUCOIDES, NORTHERN MANY-LINED SKINK: EUMECES MULTIVIRGATUS TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE: MYADESTES TOWNSENDI, PRAIRIE LINED RACERUNNER: CNEMIDOPHORUS SEXLINEATUS VEERY: CATHARUS FUSCESCENS, RUBBER BOA: CHARINA BOTTAE SWAINSON'S THRUSH: CATHARUS USTULATUS, EASTERN YELLOWBELLY RACER: COLUBER CONSTRICTOR FLAVIVENTRIS HERMIT THRUSH: CATHARUS GUTTATUS, PLAINS HOGNOSE SNAKE: HETERODON NASICUS AMERICAN ROBIN: TURDUS MIGRATORIUS, PALE MILK SNAKE: LAMPROPELTIS TRIANGULUM CATBIRD: DUMETELLA CAROLINENSIS, SMOOTH GREEN SNAKE: OPHEODRYS VERNALIS NORTHERN MOCKINGBIRD: MIMUS POLYGLOTTOS, GREAT BASIN GOPHER SNAKE: PITUOPHIS MELANOLEUCUS DESERTICOLA SAGE THRASHER: OREOSCOPTES MONTANUS, BULLSNAKE: PITUOPHIS MELANOLEUCUS SAYI BROWN THRASHER: TOXOSTOMA RUFUM, BLACK HILLS REDBELLY SNAKE: STORERIA OCCIPITOMACULATA PAHASAPAE AMERICAN (WATER) PIPIT: ANTHUS RUBESCENS, WANDERING GARTER SNAKE: THAMNOPHIS ELEGANS VAGRANS SPRAGUE'S PIPIT: ANTHUS SPRAGUEII, WESTERN PLAINS GARTER SNAKE: THAMNOPHIS RADIX HAYDENII BOHEMIAN WAXWING: BOMBYCILLA GARRULUS, COMMON GARTER SNAKE: THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS CEDAR WAXWING: BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM, PRAIRIE RATTLESNAKE: CROTALUS VIRIDIS MIDGET FADED RATTLESNAKE: CROTALUS VIRIDIS CONCOLOR
Appropriate uses include: 1. statewide biodiversity planning; 2. regional and large area resource planning; 3. coarse-filter evaluation of potential impacts or benefits of major projects/initiatives on biodiversity - such as utility or transportation corridors, wilderness proposals, open space or recreation proposals; 4. environmental impact assessment for large projects such as military activities; 5. education at all levels for both students and citizens. Inappropriate uses of this data include: 1. Generating specific measurements from the data finer than the nearest thousand hectares; 2. Establishing exact boundaries for regulation or acquisition; 3. Establishing definite presence or absence of any element; 4. Determining abundance, health, or condition of any element; 5. Establishing a measure of accuracy of any other data by comparison with this dataset; 6. Combining this data with any other data finer than 1:100,000-scale for analysis; 7. Use of this data to map small areas (less than thousands of hectares) typically requiring mapping resolution at 1:24,000-scale and using aerial photographs or ground surveys; 8. Altering the data in anyway and redistributing it as a GAP product.
land cover <URL:http://www.sdvc.uwyo.edu/clearinghouse/metadata/landcov.html> 150m elevation contours derived from USGS 90m digital elevation model, riparian/aquatic model, EMP hexagonsSee metadata for these datasets for more details about descriptions and QA processes related to development of predicted species distributions.
The attributes specifically related to species distributions are 445 items which are element codes for identifying species, and are coded to indicate the distribution for that species both in primary and secondary habitat.
Properly designed, long-term field surveys provide the best source of independent data to assess our predicted vertebrate distributions. The large size of the Wyoming and the high number of vertebrate species in this analysis precluded any sort of field survey for accuracy assessment. Initial attempts to have the reviewers provide an accuracy rating for each map were abandoned because it resulted in excessive demands on the reviewers time. Assessment therefore was based on an approach used by UT-GAP (Edwards et al. 1995), comparing the predicted species distributions to existing species checklists.
To obtain the estimate of accuracy for this dataset, we compared lists of predicted species to checklists of terrestrial vertebrate species developed for Yellowstone National Park, Devils Tower National Monument, Seedskadee and Elk National Wildlife Refuges, Thunder Basin National Grassland, Bighorn National Forest, Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, and a bird observation checklist developed for Jackson Hole which encompassed Grand Teton National Park. The species checklists compiled for all the areas were derived from published and unpublished reports that were not used directly in developing the WY-GAP databases. Of the 8 test areas, only 3 of them (Devils Tower National Monument, Yellowstone National Park, and the Bighorn National Recreation Area) had complete checklists for all 4 taxonomic groups. The other areas had checklists for either birds or mammals.
By comparing the checklists of these areas with a list of species predicted to occur in these areas based on the modeling process, omission and commission errors and an overall accuracy rating for each site and taxonomic group. To determine the influence of the modeling strategies on the accuracy of species distributions, we conducted the accuracy assessment based on models generated both with and without inclusion of modeled riparian/aquatic areas.
Comission error = the number of species predicted to occur within an area that are missing from the area's field observation checklist. Omission error = the number of species not predicted to occur within an area which are listed on the area's field observation checklist. Accuracy = number of matches (species that are both predicted to occur within the area and are listed on the area's checklist) divided by the total number of species present on both lists.
When species predictions were based on modeled riparian/aquatic areas, our accuracy averaged 79.5% across sites and taxa, falling to 76.9 % when the modeled riaprian/aquatic areas were removed. The exclusion of modeled riparian areas generally had little to no affect on accuracy of predicting reptiles and mammals, but reduced the accuracy of predicting the occurrence of birds and amphibians at some sites by 10 - 30%. The reduction in accuracy was the result of species such as waterfowl, shorebirds and riparian- or water-dependent birds and amphibians.
Errors of omission averaged 12.2% (0 - 36.6%) for all taxonomic groups, and were often high for birds, indicating that our models tended to under-predict the presence of bird species. Among the birds, 96% of the omission errors were the result of no recorded occurrence of the species within any of the hexagons encompassing the accuracy assessment area(s).
Errors of commission averaged 8.3% (0 - 34.8%) for all taxonomic groups and were highest for mammals, indicating that our models tended to over-predict the presence of mammal species. Most of the commission errors for mammals were the result of over- predictions of bat, rodent and rabbit/hare species. For example, of the 40 species having an error(s) of commission, 31 species were in these three taxa. Over-predicted distributions of bat, rodent, and rabbit/hare species were related to a lack of point locality data used to define range extent. Lack of information resulted in the inclusion of many hexagons labeled as Possible in the distributions of these taxa because published range maps showed these species widely distributed across large portions of the state.
In mapping and reviewing species distributions in Wyoming, we identified species for which data were insufficient for modeling purposes and found several important factors that may contribute to potential errors in these maps that should be recognized when using them.
Limits to a species' range were determined by defining the presence of a species within hexagons using locality records. For many species there were an inadequate number of locality records to confidently determine its range. For example, sightings of the fisher (Martes pennanti) were infrequent and often questioned by our reviewers resulting in limited data for describing the overall range of the fisher. In particular, there was a dearth of information for many bat species and some small mammals which was most likely due to their inconspicuousness and nocturnal behavior. In one instance, we did not have sufficient new data to map the distribution of the three, recently-recognized species of rosy finch (Leucosticte tephrocotis, L. atrata, L. australis) because existing locality records for the rosy finch did not differentiate between these new species.
To compensate for the lack of locality records for amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, we used existing range maps from Baxter and Stone (1985) and Clark and Stromberg (1987) to assign the presence of a species in a hexagon and labeled these hexagons as Possible. In contrast, range maps of Wyoming did not exist for birds and we relied solely on point locality records and expert opinion to determine ranges of birds. During the review process, we found that the reviewers of the maps were hesitant to extrapolate the range of birds far beyond known occurrences or to contract the ranges of amphibians, reptiles and mammals from published range maps. As a result, the number of hexagons designated as Possible is much lower for birds than for herptiles and mammals and maps of bird distributions are more fragmented. These differences may affect future management area evaluations. Our accuracy assessment indicated that the inclusion of Possible hexagons increased the overall accuracy of the mammal and herptile distribution maps. It is not known if inclusion of more Possible hexagons, based on regional range maps, would increase the accuracy of the bird distribution maps.
Distributions of some species were identified by reviewers as problematic due to possible misidentification in locality records where species' ranges overlap. Species with a high probability of misidentification included cottontail species (Sylvilagus floridanus, S. nuttallii, and S. audubonii); the least weasel (Mustela nivalis) and the ermine (M. erminea); the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous) and the swift fox (Vulpes velox velox); the Yuma myotis (Myotis yumanensis); the California myotis (Myotis californicus); the grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) and savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandichensis); and many of the empidonax flycatchers. Thus, the mapped distributions of these species should be used with some caution.
The point locality data, and the reviewers themselves, may have introduced biases into the distribution maps due to opportunistic rather than systematic sampling (i.e., uneven sampling). The location of species locality records collected in the field are undoubtedly influenced by population densities and existing transportation routes. For example, members of the Audubon Society Chapters in Casper, Jackson and Buffalo volunteered to participate in our review. These areas also had the highest diversity of birds. Likewise, the lack of reviewers for the Thunder Basin National Grassland may, in part, have contributed to the low bird diversity in this area. Thus, areas of high or low species richness may be an artifact of mere data collection intensity or effort. In addition, locality records are likely biased against species with nocturnal behavioral (e.g., bats, rubber boa (Charina bottae)) and of small size/or inconspicuous habits. While we are confident that the review process reduced the omission errors in the species distribution maps, we must acknowledge the potential biases associated with overconfidence of experts.
The reliability of predicting species distributions based primarily on vegetation that is mapped on a coarse scale is questionable. Working with remotely sensed data limited our ability to map micro-habitats (e.g., caves, cliffs) and small pocket habitats such as juniper, aspen, or bitterbrush shrub which occur in narrow strips along ridges or within canyons. We mapped the distribution of other micro-habitat specialists by assigning them to broad land cover types, based on the assumption that certain land cover polygons contain the micro-habitat features of importance. For example, the distribution of the cliff chipmunk (Tamias dorsalis utahensis) and the canyon mouse (Peromyscus crinitus doutii) were predicted using juniper cover, even though these species are limited to rock outcrops that are usually encompassed by juniper habitats. As a result the distribution of these species are over- estimated. Our use of small geographic units such as the hexagon minimized the extent of this over-prediction for micro-habitat specialists with restricted ranges, such as the canyon wren (Catherpes mexicanus), and the chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica), but it was difficult to minimize over-prediction for micro-habitat specialists with broad ranges. Many species of bats have broad geographic ranges, but may actually be limited within these extents because of special roosting requirements, features such as caves, abandoned mine shafts and buildings that could not be mapped at the scale of our land cover map. We have documented most of these micro-habitat mapping problems (Merrill et al. 1996b) and data users should be cognizant of these limitations.
These predicted species distributions should not be regarded as a substitute for detailed biological inventories on species distributions. Rather they are a methodology for organizing. existing data into static maps that represent dynamic distributions. Uncertainty exists in the current predictions of species due to incomplete information, data biases, map resolution, habitat models, and dynamics of species populations. To date, there have been only a few efforts to quantify the effects of the uncertainty in the data used to map species distributions and its effect on the interpretation of the program's results.
The number of terrestrial vertebrate species (445) included in this dataset are complete for Wyoming based on the following selection criteria:
Year-round, summer, or winter residents (Oakleaf et al. 1992) Neotropical migratory birds, not including those listed as "accidental" or "rare" migrants (Oakleaf et al. 1992) Exotic game species; Species and subspecies of management concern (federally listed species and species with a Nature Conservancy state ranking of 1 or 2) Subspecies recognized as the only representative of its species in Wyoming; All amphibians and reptile species and subspecies in Wyoming as listed by Baxter and Stone (1985).Other attributes in this dataset associated with the land cover, elevation, hexagon and riparian buffer components are complete based on the decision rules used to derive those components.
CONFIRMED (C) The species is confidently assumed (> 95% certain) or known to occur in the hexagon. Information sources confirming occurrence within a hexagon included species locality records and expert opinion.
PREDICTED (PR) The species is predicted to occur in the hexagon based on the fact-pattern (i.e., presence of suitable habitat or conditions and historical record and/or presence in adjacent hexagons[s]); at least 80% certain that the species occurs in the hexagon, based on expert opinion only.
POSSIBLE (PO) The species possibly or potentially occurs in the hexagon; its estimated likelihood of occurrence in the hexagon is thought to be between 80% and 10% , based on expert opinon or published range maps.
HISTORICAL (H) The species is confidently assumed (> 95% certain) or known to have occurred in the hexagon prior to 1950, based on locality records or expert opinion. The historical presence within the hexagon was included as part of the species' current distribution.
HISTORICAL (Hx) The species is confidently assumed (> 95% certain) or known to have occurred in the hexagon prior to 1950, based on locality records, however experts did not feel the species was likely to occur in the hexagon at present.
QUESTIONABLE (?) The occurrence of the species within a hexagon was still in question after having been reviewed by experts. Hexagons coded as questionable were not included as part of the species' current distribution.
EXCLUDED (X) The documented occurrence of a species was excluded by expert review after once having been coded as confirmed, predicted, or possible.
Three primary sources of information were used to document the occurrence (or expected occurrence) of a species within a hexagon: (1) species locality records, (2) published range maps, and (3) the opinions of experts. Species locality records (i.e., recorded occurrences of observed, trapped, or killed individuals) were obtained from 16 existing wildlife databases (listed in the citations section) collected from state and federal agencies, conservation groups, museums, and outdoor science schools in Wyoming. Fifteen of the species databases were non-spatial, tabular databases which included Public Land Survey System (PLSS) descriptions or coordinates for the location of observed species. PLSS locational descriptions were converted to latitude- longitude coordinates for import into Arc/Info using a fortran program called TR-LL. Hexagons encompassing locality records with a date > 1950 were coded as Confirmed, while those populated with locality records < 1950 were coded as Historical. Range maps published by Clark and Stromberg (1987) and Baxter and Stone (1985) also were used to document the occurrence of species within hexagons for mammal and herptile species. Wyoming-specific range maps for birds did not exist. For mammals and herptiles, the geographic range of each species was manually transferred from paper maps to the computerized hexagon grid using a mouse to select the hexagons which overlapped with range map polygons. Hexagons populated in this manner were coded as Possible. In developing the database for species distributions for Wyoming, we did not differentiate between breeding and winter ranges for bird species.
Use of land cover in mapping habitat relationships - See the metadata available for the WY-GAP land cover for more information about the 41 land cover types mapped for Wyoming. A cross-walk was developed between habitat types listed in the Colorado Wildlife Habitat Relationship Database to the 41 habitat types in Wyoming in order to assign species to correct habitat.
Use of riparian/aquatic areas in mapping habitat relationships - GAP has adopted a 40-ha MMU standard for delineating riparian and other wetland features in the land cover map. Although this is a significant reduction from the 100-ha unit used in mapping upland land cover types, even with a 40-ha MMU, many small riparian and aquatic features still are not distinguished from upland cover types. Based on the assumption that riparian vegetation occurs along streams and other water bodies, we modeled riparian areas by creating buffers around hydrographic features. A similar approach was taken by the Idaho GAP (ID-GAP) and UT-GAP. They created buffers of 200 - 400 meters (Idaho) or 100 meters (Utah) around hydrographic features (Scott et al. 1993, Edwards et al. 1995). We developed a riparian model using a system of variable buffer widths related to stream order, assuming that width of riparian areas along streams increases with stream order. Larger buffers were assigned to streams of higher order than streams of low order, based on average riparian widths for ordered streams measured off of TM imagery.
Buffers used for stream orders: 1st order: 40m each side 2nd order: 40m 3rd order: 60m 4th order: 90m 5th order: 120m 6th order: 150m 7th order: 210m rivers represented by two shorelines on USGS 1:100,000 maps: 300m lakes reservoirs and ponds: 90m.Buffer widths were determined by overlaying hydrographic features from USGS 1:100,000 digital lines graphs on a Landsat Thematic Mapper image of the southeast corner of the stat and measuring widths of riparian vegetation along the hydrography at approximately 1-km intervals. Buffers widths were averaged by order and values rounded to the nearest 10m, and the values listed above were used to buffer all the perennial water features in the USGS digital line graphs according to their Strahler order. See associated metadata for the ordered USGS digital line graphs for more details on this process (also available from the Wyoming Water Resources Center). The buffers were combined with the land cover layer and labelled "unclassified riparian" except where the buffers intersected with land cover polygons labelled riparian (either primary or secondary coverage), in which case the buffers inherited the riparian land cover designation. This riparian modeling approach allowed us to approximate the location and amount of area in riparian vegetation zones. Unlike other riparian mapping approaches, such as aerial videography, it did not allow us to determine the vegetative composition or structure within the buffer. Another major limitation with our approach is that it did not identify wetlands associated with groundwater, which constitutes a significant proportion of total wetland habitat. Our reviewers agreed that despite the fact that the majority of the modeled riparian was not classified by vegetation, associating species to the unclassified riparian was still likely to portray a more accurate representation of the species distribution than the riparian types in the land cover map alone, and this was confirmed in our accuracy assessment of riparian species.
Use of elevation contours in mapping habitat relationships - Elevational ranges used by vertebrate species were obtained from the Colorado database or literature sources. In cases where there were no specific literature sources documenting species-elevation associations for Wyoming, sources from other states within the region (CO, MT, ID, UT) were used. In these cases, we adjusted the elevational range documented in the literature to similar ranges in Wyoming using the treeline elevation as a reference for adjustment. Elevation contours with an interval of 150 m were derived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of 90-meter resolution. The 150 m interval was chosen because it corresponded closely to values given for elevational ranges of species reported by literature sources.
The main entity, or feature of this dataset are the polygons representing species distribution. Attributes for these features are the 445 element codes, each representing the distribution of an individual species by the values 0,1 and 2.
0 = species not present 1 = species predicted to be present within primary habitat 2 = species predicted to be present within secondary habitatThe species' common and scientific names as well as other information (season, abudance, rankings) associated with these attributes are in a INFO file which is included with this dataset, VERTMODEL.NAME. For ArcView users, this INFO file is also provided in dBase format, called names.dbf. For more detail about the attributes in the main coverage and the associated attribute files, please see the Entity/Attribute Detailed information section of this metadata.
Other attributes associated with the distribution polygons:
TOT_RICH: the total number of species predicted to occur within each
polygon (species richness).
BIRD_RICH: total number of birds out of 291 species within each polygon
MAM_RICH: total number of mammals out of 116 species within each polygon
REPT_RICH: total number of reptiles out of 26 species within each polygon
AMPH_RICH: total number of amphibians out of 12 species within each polygon
There are additonal entities/attributes derived from source datasets
(land cover, elevation, hexagon, and riparian model), included in this
dataset for the purpose of updating the predicted species distributions.
LANDCOV-ID: an id number corresponding to polygons in the land cover
PRIMARY: code for land cover type occupying the largest area within the
original land cover polygon.
PRIM_PERCENT: percent of area of the original land cover polygon occupied by
the primary land cover type.
SECONDARY: code for land cover type occupying the second largest area
within the original land cover polygon.
SEC_PERCENT: percent area of the original land cover polygon occupied
by the secondary type
PRIMARY2: the original PRIMARY code from the land cover map, recorded
in those cases where unclassified riparian from the riparian/
aquatic model replaced upland cover types from the land cover map.
BUFFER: GIS-generated buffers of USGS Digital Line Graph perennial hydro-
graphy, designated as riparian corridors.
MINOR1: USGS Digital Line Graph code identifying the type of hydrographic
features included in the riparian/aquatic model
HEXAGON: an identification number corresponding to the original polygons in
the hexagon database
ELEVATION: elevation contours in 150 meter intervals, corresponding to the
original polygons in the elevation database .
Additional files are also included with this dataset for the purposes of
identifying the habitat associations and hexagon occurrences for each
species which were used in modeling the species distributions. These
files can be directly related to the items in VERT.PAT by means of
the relate table, VERT.RELATE, or they can also be joined in ArcView based
on their common fields. Files which may be related or jointed are:
VERT.NAME (relation is elcode) VERT.ELEV (relation is elevation) VERT.HEX (relation is hexagon) VERT.PRI (relation is primary) VERT.SEC (relation is secondary) VERT.HEXSRC (relation is hexagon)These files contain the codes for elevation contours, hexagons, primary and secondary cover types, along with an item for all 445 species. The values for each species are usually 0 or 1, 1 indicating association and 0 indicating no association. The file VERTMODEL.HEX has a total of 7 different values for describing species occurence, though only the first four of these values was used to actually define species' presence in VERT.PAT. VERT.HEXSRC (hexagon occurrence source) contains a 10-character code which to identify the source of the hexagon occurrence. The full name of the sources are contained in another file, VERTMODEL.REV.
Note to ArcView users: because dBase format can only handle up to 255 fields, these INFO files cannot be directly converted to dBase format. Therefore, the dataset in shapefile format is accompanied by only one of these tables, vertname.dbf
ArcView 3.0's IMPORT71 utility can successfully import these tables into ArcView, however they will still be in INFO format and must be loaded as tables from the info directory created automatically by the IMPORT71 command.
LE: endangered (3 species); LELT: endangered/threatene (3 species) LT: threatened (1 species); C2: candidate (28 species); C3: candidate (3 species); C2NL: candidate (3 species); E/SA: (1 species, Peregrine Falcon)
D (insufficient information about statewide distribution); H (habitat resolution insufficient to represent species habitat); M (some records used to define range may be misidentifications)
Endemic (5 species endemic to Wyoming) Periphal (44 species; species' range in Wyoming is less than 10% of its total range in US and covers less than 10% of area in Wyoming) Disjunct (3 species; range in Wyoming is two or more areassignificantly separate or disjunct from each other)
Peripheral ? (21 species; not enough known about these
species' distributions; may or may not be peripheral)